An overview of normal theory structural measurement error models

This paper gives an introduction and overview to the often under-used measurement error model. The purpose is to provide a simple summary of problems that arise from measurement error and of the solutions that have been proposed. We start by describing how measurement error models occur in real-world situations. Then we proceed with defining the measurement error model, initially introducing the multivariate form of the model, and then, starting with the simplest form of the model thoroughly discuss its features and solutions to the problems introduced due to measurement error. We discuss higher-dimensional and more advanced forms of the model and give a brief numerical illustration.