Deep-learning-based decomposition of overlapping-sparse images: application at the vertex of simulated neutrino interactions

Image decomposition plays a crucial role in various computer vision tasks, enabling the analysis and manipulation of visual content at a fundamental level. Overlapping and sparse images pose unique challenges for decomposition algorithms due to the scarcity of meaningful information to extract components. Here, we present a solution based on deep learning to accurately extract individual objects within multi-dimensional overlapping-sparse images, with a direct application to the decomposition of overlaid elementary particles obtained from imaging detectors. Our approach allows us to identify and measure independent particles at the vertex of neutrino interactions, where one expects to observe images with indiscernible overlapping charged particles. By decomposing the image of the detector activity at the vertex through deep learning, we infer the kinematic parameters of the low-momentum particles and enhance the reconstructed energy resolution of the neutrino event. Finally, we combine our approach with a fully-differentiable generative model to improve the image decomposition further and the resolution of the measured parameters. This improvement is crucial to search for asymmetries between matter and antimatter.