Genitourinary assessment

A comprehensive physical assessment of the newborn includes evaluation of the genitourinary (GU) system, which consists of kidneys, urinary tract, and reproductive tract. These organs are closely related both anatomically and embryologically. This chapter focuses on examination of the GU system in the neonate using techniques of inspection, palpation, and occasionally, percussion. Normal newborn characteristics and simple variations from normal are presented first, followed by a discussion of abnormalities and malformations. The abnormalities and malformations described include abdominal distention, abdominal wall defects, exstrophy of the bladder, umbilical cord anomalies, and abnormalities of the male and female genitalia. Evaluation of the GU tract in the newborn is important to ensure rapid detection and treatment of abnormalities. Too frequently, this examination is cursory, and abnormalities, both major and minor, go unnoticed. Identification of problems in the neonatal period may preserve organ function and prevent mortality and morbidity in the future.