Heteroatom doping of two-dimensional materials: From graphene to chalcogenides

In recent years, research on two-dimensional (2D) materials including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), especially molybdenum and tungsten disulfides (MoS₂ and WS₂), has rapidly developed. In order to meet the increasing demands of using these 2D materials in fields as diverse as optoelectronics and sensing, heteroatom doping has become an effective method to tune their electronic and physico-chemical properties. This review discusses versatile doping methods applied to graphene and TMDCs, the corresponding changes to their properties, and their potential applications. Future perspectives and new emerging areas are also presented.