HIV gp120 alteration of DAMA and IL-1α induced chemotaxic responses in human and invertebrate immunocytes

The effects of a synthetic peptide fragment of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 (HIV gp120) on opioid (D-ala²-D-met⁵ enkephalinamide; DAMA) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) induced chemotactic responses in human granulocytes and monocytes and invertebrate (Mytilus edulis) immunocytes were studied. Both DAMA and IL-1 increased the velocity of cell migration from both species and the response is chemotactic (e.g. directed). Non-treated control cells move randomly or not at all. The addition of gp120 to DAMA or IL-1 treated human granulocytes or monocytes results in a slower movement which is chemokinetic (loss of directionality or random) in nature. A similar phenomenon occurs in the invertebrate immunocytes. If gp120 alone is added, it inhibits the movement of spontaneously active human granulocytes and Mytilus edulis immunocytes. In contrast, it stimulates chemokinesis of spontaneously active human monocytes. These responses occur immediately after addition of the peptide. Based on experiments with the selective calcium channel antagonist nimodipine, it appears that the gp120 causes its effects by irreversible binding to a calcium channel. Our results suggest a universal inhibitory mechanism is occuring since the invertebrate immunocytes must recognize HIV gp120 peptide to result in this effect, possibly through a CD4 or other type of surface determinant.