Impaired cholesterol metabolism and enhanced atherosclerosis in clock Mutant Mice

BACKGROUND-: Clock is a key transcription factor that positively controls circadian regulation. However, its role in plasma cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS-: We show for the first time that dominant-negative Clock mutant protein (Clock) enhances plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in 3 different mouse models. Detailed analyses revealed that ClkApoe mice display hypercholesterolemia resulting from the accumulation of apolipoprotein B48-containing cholesteryl ester-rich lipoproteins. Physiological studies showed that enhanced cholesterol absorption by the intestine contributes to hypercholesterolemia. Molecular studies indicated that the expression of Niemann Pick C1 Like 1, Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol acyltransferase 1, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in the intestines of ClkApoe mice was high and that enterocytes assembled and secreted more chylomicrons. Furthermore, we identified macrophage dysfunction as another potential cause of increased atherosclerosis in ClkApoe mice. Macrophages from ClkApoe mice expressed higher levels of scavenger receptors and took up more modified lipoproteins compared with Apoe mice, but they expressed low levels of ATP binding casette protein family A member 1 and were defective in cholesterol efflux. Molecular studies revealed that Clock regulates ATP binding casette protein family A member 1 expression in macrophages by modulating upstream transcription factor 2 expression. CONCLUSIONS-: Clock protein enhances atherosclerosis by increasing intestinal cholesterol absorption, augmenting uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages, and reducing cholesterol efflux from macrophages. These studies establish that circadian Clock activity is crucial in maintaining low plasma cholesterol levels and in reducing atherogenesis in mice.