Making implementation more democratic through action implementation research

Public administration scholars often associate increased public participation in policy implementation with the advancement of democratic values. Likewise, scholars engaged in the various forms of action research (AR) promote their efforts as a means to democratizing the research process or contributing to improved social outcomes. Despite these common interests in participation and democracy, there have been few attempts to apply AR methods to policy implementation problems. Drawing on Matland's conflict-ambiguity matrix, we develop a framework for matching particular AR methods to specific policy implementation contexts.