Mechanism for activation of triosephosphate isomerase by phosphite dianion: The role of a hydrophobic clamp

The role of the hydrophobic side chains of Ile-172 and Leu-232 in catalysis of the reversible isomerization of R-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Tbb) has been investigated. The I172A and L232A mutations result in 100- and 6-fold decreases in k _cat/K _m for the isomerization reaction, respectively. The effect of the mutations on the product distributions for the catalyzed reactions of GAP and of [1- ¹³C]-glycolaldehyde ([1- ¹³C]-GA) in D ₂O is reported. The 40% yield of DHAP from wild-type Tbb TIM-catalyzed isomerization of GAP with intramolecular transfer of hydrogen is found to decrease to 13% and to 4%, respectively, for the reactions catalyzed by the I172A and L232A mutants. Likewise, the 13% yield of [2- ¹³C]-GA from isomerization of [1- ¹³C]-GA in D ₂O is found to decrease to 2% and to 1%, respectively, for the reactions catalyzed by the I172A and L232A mutants. The decrease in the yield of the product of intramolecular transfer of hydrogen is consistent with a repositioning of groups at the active site that favors transfer of the substrate-derived hydrogen to the protein or the oxygen anion of the bound intermediate. The I172A and L232A mutations result in (a) a >10-fold decrease (I172A) and a 17-fold increase (L232A) in the second-order rate constant for the TIM-catalyzed reaction of [1- ¹³C]-GA in D ₂O, (b) a 170-fold decrease (I172A) and 25-fold increase (L232A) in the third-order rate constant for phosphite dianion (HPO ₃ ^2-) activation of the TIM-catalyzed reaction of GA in D ₂O, and (c) a 1.5-fold decrease (I172A) and a larger 16-fold decrease (L232A) in K _d for activation of TIM by HPO ₃ ^2- in D ₂O. The effects of the I172A mutation on the kinetic parameters for the wild-type TIM-catalyzed reactions of the whole substrate and substrate pieces are consistent with a decrease in the basicity of the carboxylate side chain of Glu-167 for the mutant enzyme. The data provide striking evidence that the L232A mutation leads to a ca. 1.7 kcal/mol stabilization of a catalytically active loop-closed form of TIM (E _C) relative to an inactive open form (E _O).