Mitochondrial ROS control of cancer

Mitochondria serves a primary role in energy maintenance but also function to govern levels of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mROS). ROS have long been established to play a critical role in tumorigenesis and are now considered to be integral to the regulation of diverse signaling networks that drive proliferation, tumor cell survival and malignant progression. mROS can damage DNA, activate oncogenes, block the function of tumor suppressors and drive migratory signaling. The mitochondrion's oxidant scavenging systems including SOD2, Grx2, GPrx, Trx and TrxR are key of the cellular redox tone. These mitochondrial antioxidant systems serve to tightly control the levels of the primary ROS signaling species, H₂O₂. The coordinated control of mROS levels is also coupled to the activity of the primary H₂O₂ consuming enzymes of the mitochondria which are reliant on the epitranscriptomic control of selenocysteine incorporation. This review highlights the interplay between these many oncogenic signaling networks, mROS and the H₂O₂ emitting and consuming capacity of the mitochondria.