Optical properties and radiative forcing of urban aerosols in Nanjing, China

Continuous measurements of atmospheric aerosols were made in Nanjing, a megacity in China, from 18 January to 18 April, 2011 (Phase 1) and from 22 April 2011 to 21 April 2012 (Phase 2). Aerosol characteristics, optical properties, and direct radiative forcing (DRF) were studied through interpretations of these measurements. We found that during Phase 1, mean PM_2.5, black carbon (BC), and aerosol scattering coefficient (Bsp) in Nanjing were 76.1±59.3μgm^-3, 4.1±2.2μgm^-3, and 170.9±105.8Mm^-1, respectively. High pollution episodes occurred during Spring and Lantern Festivals when hourly PM_2.5 concentrations reached 440μgm^-3, possibly due to significant discharge of fireworks. Temporal variations of PM_2.5, BC, and Bsp were similar to each other. It is estimated that inorganic scattering aerosols account for about 49±8.6% of total aerosols while BC only accounted for 6.6±2.9%, and nitrate was larger than sulfate. In Phase 2, optical properties of aerosols show great seasonality. High relative humidity (RH) in summer (June, July, August) likely attributed to large optical depth (AOD) and small Angstrom exponent (AE) of aerosols. Due to dust storms, AE of total aerosols was the smallest in spring (March, April, May). Annual mean 550-nm AOD and 675/440-nm AE were 0.6±0.3 and 1.25±0.29 for total aerosols, 0.04±0.02 and 1.44±0.50 for absorbing aerosols, 0.48±0.29 and 1.64±0.29 for fine aerosols, respectively. Annual single scattering albedo of aerosols ranged from 0.90 to 0.92. Real time wavelength-dependent surface albedo from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to assess aerosol DRFs. Both total and absorbing aerosol DRFs had significant seasonal variations in Nanjing and they were the strongest in summer. Annual mean clear sky TOA DRF (including daytime and nighttime) of total and absorbing aerosols was about-6.9 and+4.5Wm^-2, respectively. Aerosol DRFs were found to be sensitive to surface albedo. Over brighter surfaces, solar radiation was more absorbed by absorbing aerosols and less scattered by scattering aerosols.