Re-examining fare-free public transport for greater inclusivity

Fare-free public transport (FFPT) schemes – in which public transport costs are paid through means other than individual ride fare – are gaining traction in improving public transport efficiency and accessibility. However, there is a lack of research about how these programs impact socio-economic, sexual orientation, and gender identity perspectives. While many studies collect demographic or economic data about public transport riders, they often fail to effectively utilize the data to its potential for research. A review of 146 studies reveals significant intellectual gaps, including a lack of consideration for demographic characteristics of transport users, missed opportunities to incorporate socio-economic and sexual orientation and gender identity perspectives, and geographical imbalances in research. The review suggests the need for more comprehensive, equitable approaches to FFPT research that supports the development of inclusive public transport policies.