Retrieval from memory

Historically, most approaches to understanding learning and memory phenomena, particularly at the neurobiological level, have emphasized information processing that occurs during or soon after training (i.e., acquisition) as critical for observing learned changes in behavior. However, this view has been challenged by studies showing that at least part of the changes observed in behavior are due to constraints at the time of information retrieval. In this chapter, we first analyze behavioral evidence suggesting that retrieval processes, in addition to acquisition processes and storage mechanisms, are critical for observed changes in behavior due to past experience. Then we discuss theoretical approaches that emphasize retrieval processes to explain learning and memory.