Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and lung cancer risk in never-smoking postmenopausal women

Purpose: Vitamin D has been implicated in lowering lung cancer risk, but serological data on the association among never-smoking women are limited. We report results examining the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with lung cancer risk among female never smokers. We also examined whether the association was modified by vitamin D supplementation and serum vitamin A concentrations. Methods: In the Women’s Health Initiative, including the calcium/vitamin D (CaD) Trial, we selected 298 incident cases [191 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including 170 adenocarcinoma] and 298 matched controls of never smokers. Baseline serum 25(OH)D was assayed by a chemiluminescent method. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for quartiles and predefined clinical cutoffs of serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Results: Comparing quartiles 4 versus 1 of serum 25(OH)D concentrations, ORs were 1.06 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–1.84] for all lung cancer, 0.94 (95% CI 0.52–1.69) for NSCLC, and 0.91 (95% CI 0.49–1.68) for adenocarcinoma. Comparing serum 25(OH)D ≥ 75 (high) versus <30 nmol/L (deficient), ORs were 0.76 (95% CI 0.31–1.84) for all lung cancer, 0.71 (95% CI 0.27–1.86) for NSCLC, and 0.81 (95% CI 0.31–2.14) for adenocarcinoma. There is suggestive evidence that CaD supplementation (1 g calcium + 400 IU D₃/day) and a high level of circulating vitamin A may modify the associations of 25(OH)D with lung cancer overall and subtypes (p interaction <0.10). Conclusions: In this group of never-smoking postmenopausal women, the results did not support the hypothesis of an association between serum 25(OH)D and lung cancer risk.