Solid-state ionics: The key to the discovery and domination of lithium batteries: some learnings from β-alumina and titanium disulfide

Solid-state ionics, the study of fast ion transport in solids, expanded explosively after the discovery of sodium ion transport in β-alumina 50 years ago and has revolutionized energy storage. Lithium-ion batteries have come from a dream with titanium disulfide to enabling the communications revolution and are enabling renewable energy. Much can be learned from these early studies that will allow the attainment of a fossil-free society and a sustainable environment.