Syphilis and HIV: A dangerous duo

HIV and syphilis affect similar patient groups and coinfection is common. All patients presenting with syphilis should be offered HIV testing and vice versa. Syphilis can enhance the transmission of HIV. Detection and treatment of syphilis can probably help to reduce HIV transmission. Syphilis may present with atypical features in the HIV-positive patient, for example, there is a higher rate of asymptomatic primary syphilis, and proportionately more HIV-positive patients present with secondary disease. Secondary infection may be more aggressive and there is an increased rate of early neurologic and ophthalmic involvement. Diagnosis is generally made with serology, but the clinician should be aware of the potential for false-negative serology in both primary and, less commonly, in secondary syphilis. All HIV-positive patients should be treated with a penicillin-based regimen, and alternative therapies should be used with caution. All HIV-positive patients should be considered for the evaluation of neurosyphilis. Relapse is a real concern and careful follow up is required. This review will explore the differences in clinical manifestations in HIV-coinfected individuals, and will discuss data to warrant different management in HIV-coinfected individuals.